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This is a call for Marxists to begin to treat accounting as more than a technocratic background. I would argue that the most powerful battlefield of economic governance is in the field of accounting and its intermediaries. A 21st-century Marxist approach has to include accounting.

For those who have been following our call for stronger civil society engagement in the revision of the UN System of National Accounts, including critiques of the SEEA and the SDG framework, this is the argument.

National accounting may look technical and administrative, yet it is foundational. It determines what an economy is allowed to “see,” what states are expected to optimize, and what becomes eligible for finance, compliance, and enforcement. It shapes how inequality is recorded, how labor is recognized or erased, and how environmental harm is treated as costless background. Changing accounting rules changes the structure of value itself. That is one of the most direct ways to challenge global capitalism’s operating system.

If Marx were writing today, he would likely treat data as a primary site of labor, ownership, and class power.

This piece is anchored in a concrete institutional shift that is already underway. In March 2025, the UN Statistical Commission adopted the 2025 System of National Accounts as the new global standard, with an expanded focus on well-being and sustainability. The 2025 SNA is not a side debate. It is the template that shapes what governments measure, what they report, and what becomes legible to trade rules, climate finance, insurance pricing, procurement, and macroeconomic surveillance. Once sustainability and environmental reporting become embedded in the core statistical standard, the struggle moves from policy rhetoric to accounting definitions and enforcement routines.

The environmental dimension is being formalized through closer alignment with the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. The SEEA Ecosystem Accounting framework was adopted by the UN Statistical Commission in 2021, and the SEEA Central Framework is now treated as a major macroeconomic statistical standard that complements the SNA. This matters because it is how ecosystems, resources, and “sustainability” become governable inside national balance sheets and national aggregates. The accounting system decides what counts as an asset, what counts as depletion, what counts as value, and what counts as an externality. Those decisions shape who gets paid, who gets regulated, and who is disciplined.

That is why decolonizing accounting is not a slogan. It is a demand for measurement sovereignty. If the 2025 SNA and SEEA-linked implementation is operationalized through, for example, the Sustainable Development Goals, through the existing architecture of standards, audit firms, ratings agencies, and asset managers, ecosystems and development will be treated as balance-sheet inputs and communities will be treated as data suppliers. This recreates colonial extraction through measurement, where the Global South becomes another table of compliance while the North captures rents through proprietary models, centralized clearing, and securitized “green” products. The same capture logic can travel through top-down carbon markets, debt-coded loss-and-damage delivery, reinsurance and parametric triggers, and tokenized “green” financial instruments, even when they are branded as climate solutions.

The alternative pathway is to treat environmental data as data labor, collective property, and collective wealth. Communities generate high-value information through stewardship, daily survival, exposure to risk, and restoration work. That data belongs under community governance, with Free, Prior, and Informed Consent and enforceable limits on reuse. If communities control baselines, verification, and licensing, they can build translocal, interoperable data markets that fund restoration and livelihood security rather than feeding financial capture. Multipolarity matters here because it increases the number of institutional routes for exchange and settlement, which makes it harder for a single financial center to monopolize standards, pricing, and enforcement.

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Workers of the data world, unite. You have nothing to lose but your block chains.

The closing line of The Communist Manifesto, “Workers of the world, unite. You have nothing to lose but your chains.”(1848), frames environmental measurement as a labor relation, where communities produce value through lived conditions and stewardship while others capture the surplus.

National accounting is moving toward environmental economics and expanded environmental reporting. If that shift arrives through the existing institutions of finance and standard-setting, it will treat ecosystems as balance-sheet inputs and it will treat communities as data sources. That pathway reproduces colonial extraction in a new form. It takes measurement authority away from customary governance and places it inside top-down audit firms, ratings agencies, and asset managers. Decolonizing accounting is necessary because the first battle is definitional. Whoever defines the variables, baselines, and verification rules controls the market that follows.

The data owners are the ruling class of the digital age.

From The German Ideology, Part I “Feuerbach” (1947). “The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production …” (p.59). Referencing the simple rule of power: whoever owns data infrastructure and standards sets the terms of trade, compliance, and credibility.

We already live in a bifurcated economy. One segment lives inside asset inflation, stock indices, and paper wealth. The other lives inside wages, rents, food prices, energy bills, caregiving, and environmental insecurity. If environmental economics becomes another investable layer owned and managed from the top of that asset world, the bifurcation deepens. Communities will be forced to disclose ecological and social conditions for compliance, while outside institutions capture the revenue through intermediated finance, proprietary models, and securitized products.

Data is a thing. Environmental data is the means of reproduction.

From Capital, Vol. 1, Part III, Chapter VII “The Labour-Process …” (1967). The classic construction of Marx’s “An instrument of labor is a thing, or a complex of things…”) (p.179). The paragraph goes on to describe how “the earth is an instrument of labor, but when used as such in agriculture implies a whole series of other instruments and comparatively high development of labor.”

This matters because environmental reporting is becoming a gatekeeper for credit, insurance, procurement, and cross-border market access.

A different outcome is possible if environmental data is treated as labor, property, and collective wealth. Communities generate high-value information through stewardship, daily practices, risk exposure, and restoration work. That data should remain under community governance through Free, Prior, and Informed Consent, local protocols, and enforceable rules on reuse. Under an Intemerate Accounting approach, the goal is to fund restoration and social resilience as measurable work, verified locally, and exchanged through markets that remain multipolar and translocal.

All that is measured becomes tradable. All that is unmeasured becomes disposable

From the opening line of Capital, Vol. 1, Part 1, Chapter 1 “Commodities” (1967), Marx writes “The wealth of those societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails, presents itself as a “an immense accumulation of commodities…” (p35). This is the political risk of environmental economics as it is currently being designed, because who accumulates the measurement determines who receives funding and who becomes invisible.

Cap-and-trade and carbon markets show how “climate compliance” can become a market for paper instruments that preserves environmental harm while purchasing credits elsewhere, while offset projects can also trigger land and rights conflicts when communities are treated as project sites rather than governing authorities.

To keep this market from being absorbed by Wall Street, the design has to block the usual capture routes: exclusive ownership of standards, central clearing controlled by large financial firms, leverage through debt instruments, and securitization that turns community obligations into tradable claims. The market needs distributed governance, community-controlled verification, non-extractive licensing, and limits that prevent data rights from becoming collateral. It also needs multiple interoperable nodes across regions, so no single financial center can set the price, the model, and the enforcement terms.

The ideas of the ruling class are the data of the ruling class

In the construction of his history of consciousness in The German Ideology, Part 1, Feuerbach (1947), the original text is , “The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas…” (172, Tucker version)

This should clarify why decolonizing accounting starts with categories and definitions, since historical categories decide what counts as “nature,” “risk,” and “value,” as we update them from the 19th century to the data infused 21st century.

When standards are written far from the places being measured, they convert customary relationships into external variables. They also embed assumptions about property, productivity, and legitimacy. The result is a quiet transfer of authority from communities to institutions that can certify, rate, and monetize the measurements.

Loss-and-damage finance, for example, can be undermined when delivery is mediated through institutional hosting arrangements and loan-heavy funding models that deepen debt burdens and constrain public budgets, which shifts repair into a creditor relationship instead of an obligation rooted in responsibility.

Accumulation of data wealth at one pole means accumulation of data poverty at the other.

From Capital, Vol. 1, Part VII, Chapter XXV “The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation,” Marx describes how the “Accumulation of wealth at one pole is … at the same time accumulation of misery …” (p.645). This is the predictable outcome when communities are exploited by a despotism more hateful for its meanness. The image of “law riveting the labourer to capital more firmly than the wedges of Vulcan did Prometheus to the rock,” should remind us, that at this moment, where there is a paradigm shift in the accounting matrix, there is a brief window of opportunity, to finally overturn the very system that binds us to the rock.

Environmental disclosure without local ownership produces one-way transparency. Communities supply information and absorb enforcement pressure, while external actors hold the models, the platforms, the legal rights, and the revenue. Data poverty shows up as forced disclosure, weak bargaining power, and no remedy when data is reused against community interests.

Reinsurance and parametric “rapid payout” schemes can also replicate this imbalance through basis risk and model-driven triggers, where investors and insurers price the instrument while communities, taxpayers, and governments carry the consequences when payouts miss lived losses.

Expropriate the data-expropriators, or the integument is burst asunder

From Capital, Vol. 1, Part VIII, Chapter XXXII “Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation,” when Marx writes “the expropriators are expropriated,” he is projecting how the logic of accumulation will conclude (p.763). “One capitalist always kills many, and in the narrowing centralization of ownership and accumulation, “the integument is burst asunder.” (haha, meaning that capitalist centralization eventually ruptures under its own contradictions.)

This is a governance statement about reversing extraction, where communities reclaim control over the measurement system and the income streams built on top of it.

The practical requirement is not isolation from markets. The requirement is market structure that prevents permanent alienation of data rights and blocks the consolidation of standard-setting into a small number of firms. The architecture has to keep consent, verification, and licensing enforceable at the community level.

As a warning to central planners, environmental crypto products and tokenized carbon markets can add another backdoor layer of centralized financialization, where credits are repackaged into tokens, where speculation inflates prices, and “impact” claims become detached from on-the-ground repair and consent. The reliance upon these kinds of financial products in an economy overly dominated by wealth accumulation, should only be seen as momentary salve.

From each community according to its data labor, to each community according to its ecological needs

This is central in the sense that it is tied to moral governance. In Marx’s Critique of the Gotha Programme, passage on the “higher phase” of communist society (p.10) “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!” which Lenin addresses in his State and Revolution, “The Higher Phase of Communist Society” (pp 81-82 in this volume).

Marx’s “higher phase” is a claim about measurement and distribution becoming social habits rather than coercive administration. It rests on a shift in the conditions of life. The division of labor stops subordinating people. Labor becomes life’s “prime want.” Cooperative wealth flows more abundantly. Only then can society leave behind the “narrow horizon of bourgeois right” and adopt the rule, “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” Lenin reads the same passage as a problem of governance, since the state “withers away” when people no longer require an external authority to police distribution and when productive capacity and social habits make voluntary contribution and free access workable.

In this context, an ecological based decolonial accounting frame translates that argument into the present conflict over environmental measurement. Environmental accounting will increasingly decide the flow of finance, adaptation support, and restoration investment. The question is whether those flows are governed by external standards and investor logics, or the interactions, or by protocols of reciprocity set by the communities who bear the risks and do the work. The “higher phase” in this register is not a slogan about abundance alone. It is an institutional condition in which distribution follows collectively governed protocols, and measurement is owned by those who generate the underlying reality.

That begins with a different definition of production. Under contemporary environmental economics, value is often assigned to “assets” and “services” abstracted from customary relations. Under decolonial accounting, the primary productive act is stewardship and restoration, including theinteraction that documents conditions, validates change, and carries consent. Measurement becomes a community right and a community obligation. It becomes a protocol: how baselines are set, how evidence is gathered, who can verify, what can be shared, what must remain protected, and what reciprocity is required when outsiders benefit. This is the point where Marx’s line about “bourgeois right” becomes practical. Bourgeois measurement insists on commensuration, exchange equivalence, and external audit authority. Decolonial measurement insists on consent, context, and remedy.

From a translocal and FPIC perspective, communities do not need one universal metric designed in distant institutions. They need interoperable pluralism. Protocol becomes the shared engagement that allows different communities to coordinate exchange while preserving local authority. In practice, this means data can travel across regions and institutions only through terms that carry the source community’s governance, including revocation, use limits, and benefit shares. Interoperability serves reciprocity rather than extraction. The market follows the protocol, rather than rewriting the protocol to fit the market.

Distribution then stops being a downstream “allocation problem” and becomes a design principle. Marx’s higher phase shifts the unit of concern from equalized exchange to needs-based access. In decolonial environmental accounting, this means restoration finance and adaptation resources should not be allocated mainly by bankability, creditworthiness, or investor return targets. They should move according to ecological harm, vulnerability, and the labor required for repair. Communities contribute according to their capacities and situated knowledge. Communities receive according to the ecological and social needs produced by histories of dispossession, exposure, and underinvestment. That is the core redistributional meaning of “from each…to each…” once measurement is treated as a political economy question instead of a technical one.

A “higher phase” outcome becomes plausible when three things converge. Measurement authority sits with communities through protocol and reciprocity. Verification is locally rooted and translocally legible. Distribution is governed by needs and repair, rather than by external equivalence rules that treat every community as a comparable unit in an investor portfolio. Marx’s banner line is then no longer only a moral horizon. It becomes a governance claim about who decides the flows of markets, because accounting decides what is real, what is owed, and what can be enforced.

The price-form hides the data-form. The metric looks neutral while power moves through it

From Capital, Vol. 1, Part I, Chapter III “Money, or the Circulation of Commodities” , Marx discusses the price/money-form. To quote:

“The price or money-form of commodities is, like their form of value generally, a form quite distinct from their a palpable bodily form: it is, therefore, a purely ideal metal form. Although invisible, the value of iron, linen, and corn has actual existence in these very articles: it is ideally made perceptible by their equality with gold, a relation that, so to say, exists only in their own heads. Their owner must, therefore lend them his tongue, or hang a ticket on them, before the prices can be communicated to the outside world (p.95).

To understand why it is important to resurrect Marx in the 21st century, we need to consider where money and monetary value sits inside the data form:

Ecological realities have palpable forms. A river has flow and contamination. A forest has biomass and species relations. A community has health burdens, food security, and exposure to storms. None of these speak in a market language on their own. To make them tradable, they must be converted into a measurement form that can circulate. That conversion is the ecological equivalent of the price tag. It is metadata, indicators, baselines, scoring rules, verification protocols, and reporting templates.

The “ideal form” in the data economy is the metric. A biodiversity score, a carbon ton, a resilience index, or a risk rating is not the ecosystem itself. It is a standardized statement that claims equivalence across places and lives. It can exist as a number in a database long before it corresponds to any lived improvement on the ground. Once expressed, it can be bought, sold, insured, securitized, or used to approve or deny funding. That is why metrics have power. They convert complex life into an exchangeable unit.

The “owner lends them his tongue” becomes a question of who has the authority to speak for the ecosystem. In top-down environmental accounting, the tongue belongs to institutions that set standards and certify claims: auditors, ratings agencies, large NGOs, consultancies, and financial platforms. They decide what counts as a “forest,” what counts as “degradation,” what counts as “restoration,” what time horizon matters, what uncertainty is acceptable, and what proof is required. Communities then become suppliers of raw observations, while outside actors control the language that turns those observations into financial instruments and compliance categories.

Decolonial accounting targets that exact choke point. It says communities must own the measurement tongue. They must define baselines and categories through customary governance and Free, Prior, and Informed Consent. They must control how ecological data is collected, stored, verified, and licensed. They must also control the right to refuse, the right to revoke, and the right to demand reciprocity. In this frame, ecological data is data labor and collective wealth. The metric is not allowed to detach from protocol. The price tag cannot be hung on a community’s environment by someone else.

This is also why capture risk is predictable. Once ecological data is turned into standardized metrics, it becomes easy to route value upward through familiar mechanisms: proprietary scoring models, centralized registries, pay-to-play certification, and securitized “green” products. A decolonial approach breaks that chain by insisting that the measure is not just a number. It is a governed relationship. The metric must carry the community’s terms of use and benefit, so the market cannot treat the ecosystem as a silent object and treat people as a passive dataset.

The Intemerate Equation

This is where the intemerate equation comes in. It is a tangible equation that can be used to produce metric data. Data is acquired through a community defined baseline across time. It establishes a baseline expectation according to what communities define. It measures the deviations, tracking the trajectory on a timeline. By itself, these might just seem like inconsequential numbers that have no bearing on values that can be interpreted monetarily, but this is where intermediary markets come in. They are the core facilities for scoring data values into monetary values.

Intermediary Markets

Intermediary markets can sit between local data sovereignty and interglobal exchange, while keeping authority close to the people who bear the ecological and economic risks. Community data cooperatives and trusts can hold environmental datasets, set consent terms, and negotiate licenses as a collective. Local verification and audit guilds can validate baselines, methods, and outcomes, with indigenous and customary authority embedded in the audit standard. A restoration procurement market can pay for verified actions and services, including monitoring, remediation, regenerative agriculture, watershed work, and biodiversity recovery. A compliance translation market can convert local indicators into reporting formats required by governments or cross-border standards without surrendering underlying ownership. A data licensing exchange can grant time-bound, purpose-bound access rights, priced for use and reciprocity, with community veto and revocation built in. A reciprocal benefit and dividend market can route a defined share of any downstream value back to the communities that generated the data and did the work. A risk mutual and insurance market can use community metrics to price adaptation support and disaster recovery without predatory premiums or exclusionary rules. A dispute resolution and remedy market can provide arbitration, enforcement, and sanctions for misuse, including penalties for unauthorized reuse and mechanisms for restitution.

The point of these intermediaries is functional power. They translate data sovereignty into real exchange without surrendering the means of measurement. That is how multipolar, translocal, interglobal markets can grow without becoming another extractive frontier. When communities own the baselines, the verification ledgers, and the licensing terms, environmental economics can fund restoration and livelihood security on community-defined conditions. If they do not, environmental economics becomes an external management regime where Global South, displaced, and marginalized communities supply the metrics while Wall Street and allied intermediaries capture the rents.

Data clicks/cliques

In the older party-state usage, “cliques” usually meant organized factional loyalty networks inside a centralized organization, seen as competing with formalized state discipline and sometimes treated as a threat. In a data context, “data clicks/cliques” can describe decentralized, implied agreements among people and communities who share norms, methods, and obligations across distance. They are less about capturing a single hierarchy and more about building distributed trust.

In practical terms, a translocal data clique is informal and may share a in a particular market . Members adopt shared protocol for consent, verification, reciprocity, and enforcement. They recognize each other’s audits. They share templates and methods. They coordinate refusal when terms are extractive. They also coordinate exchange when terms are fair. This makes a market possible without surrendering measurement authority to one central registry or one financial hub.

The danger is that cliques can still become gatekeepers. They can become exclusionary, opaque, or captured by charismatic brokers. The safeguard is to keep clique power conditional and when those conditions hold, “data cliques” become a decentralized infrastructure for decolonial accounting rather than a backdoor hierarchy.

References

Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Ten Classics of Marxism. The Communist Manifesto. 1940 International Publishers, 1947.
Marx, Karl. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. 1, International Publishers, 1967.
Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. The German Ideology. International Publishers, 1947.
Marx, Karl. Critique of the Gotha Programme. International Publishers, 1938.
Marx, Karl. Grundrisse. The Pelican Marx Library, 1973
Saiki, Arnie. Ecological-Economic Accounts: Towards Intemerate Values. Pacific Theological College, 2020.
Saiki, Arnie. Intemerate Earth. “Posts”, https://intemerate.earth/blog. Accessed 29 Jan. 2026.

The IF20 Religion and Environment Working Group’s 2025 policy brief frames the debt–climate nexus as an existential constraint on low-resource countries, where debt servicing displaces public services and climate response. Building from a proposed UN-centered debt framework, this article focuses on precautionary dangers inside SDG or national accounting instruments, since swaps and valuation-based relief can become predatory when they shift territorial and resource decision-making through external monitoring and data custody. FPIC and locally held data sovereignty through community banking custody must be treated as environmental security measures for the Global South before any new market architecture is allowed to form.

FPIC First: Environmental data is a security issue.

Free, Prior, and Informed Consent has to sit at the front of any environmental data regime that feeds national accounting and climate debt relief. FPIC is a jurisdictional safeguard protecting Indigenous and local authority over knowledge, measurement, and the downstream uses of that measurement in law, finance, and policy.

At this point, environmental data should be treated as strategic infrastructure. For much of the Global South, and especially, Indigenous Peoples, poor, peasant, displaced, and climate or conflict vulnerable at-risk communities, environmental data is a security issue. The UN system has adopted standards that make ecosystem accounts more legible to states, lenders, and markets. The United Nations Statistical Commission adopted the SEEA Ecosystem Accounting standard in March 2021. The United Nations Statistical Commission adopted the System of National Accounts 2025 as the updated international standard for national accounts. These changes matter because they widen the space for monetary valuation of ecosystems and natural resources inside recognized accounting frameworks. OECD guidance for implementing SNA 2025 explicitly frames “natural capital” as the aggregation of natural resources and ecosystem assets and discusses how depletion and related treatments shift net aggregates and policy.

To be absolutely clear, debt distress is the condition that makes this accounting shift politically dangerous. Global public debt is now near the US$100 trillion mark, and total global debt (public and private) is above US$250 trillion. UNCTAD documents a widening crisis in which a rising number of countries spend more on interest than on basic services and highlights the scale of public debt and servicing constraints. For the poorest and most climate-vulnerable countries, IIED reports debt repayments roughly double the climate finance they receive, which clarifies the fiscal trap that drives governments toward fast debt deals.

This is where “back door” strategies enter. We should not be surprised if the pictures of smiling children depicting friendly, trustworthy care is a Wall street wolf in disguise. These wolves might wear keffiyehs to look like relief. They may come wearing slippers and a climate march hoodie to discuss risk reduction. They might wear hard hats to inspire technical assistance. They might carry a tote bag to convey conservation. But they are all suits and these remain contractual top-down mechanisms. A country accepts a restructuring instrument that ties debt relief to environmental performance, monitoring, and governance conditions. Those conditions can outlast administrations and can shift real authority over land-use decisions, customary livelihoods, and data systems away from communities and toward external stakeholders.

Debt-for-nature swaps show the pathway. These swaps refinance or repurchase debt and link the fiscal savings to $100 billion conservation commitments overseen through dedicated governance vehicles and monitoring arrangements. Even when the conservation goals are sound, the governance questions remain. Reuters reporting on Ecuador’s Galápagos swap describes complaints from local groups alleging inadequate community engagement and transparency, alongside a formal review by the Inter-American Development Bank’s accountability mechanism. That dispute is not arbitrary and has been one of the core issues propelling the 2020 Intermerate Manifesto. It is the core risk. When environmental value becomes part of a debt contract, communities can be treated as an implementation detail rather than rights-bearing authorities.

FPIC is a safeguard addressing that risk because it governs the full lifecycle of data and valuation. UNDRIP requires states to consult and cooperate in good faith through Indigenous representative institutions in order to obtain FPIC for measures that may affect them, and it sets FPIC expectations around projects affecting lands, territories, and resources. ILO Convention 169 sets binding consultation requirements for ratifying states, including consultation through appropriate procedures and representative institutions regarding legislative or administrative measures that may affect Indigenous peoples directly. Together, these instruments frame FPIC as a governance threshold that cannot be waived in moments of fiscal distress.

However, it is necessary to add, that what is binding is only as good as what is enforceable, and the recent spate of impunity occurring amidst the grossest crimes against humanity, provides little confidence or what international law means when it comes to genocide or safeguarding against ecocide, as with U.S. unilateralism concerning deep seabed mining, or even the impunity of ICE agents, ignoring the constitutional rights of its citizenry.

An accounting shift will create new intermediary markets. That outcome is structural and predictable. Once states publish ecosystem accounts and embed them in planning and financing, there will be demand for baselines, monitoring, verification, and performance claims. Those claims will be organized into instruments that pay for restoration, watershed protection, biodiversity outcomes, and disaster-risk reduction. The market question is not whether claims will emerge. The market question is who controls the stack of measurements that defines the claims and who benefits from them.

If the measurement stack is controlled outside the Global South, then “natural capital” becomes just another layer of dependency. Control is exercised through proprietary models, remote sensing pipelines, audit standards, verification firms, platform custody, and dispute venues. A country can retain nominal sovereignty over territory while losing practical sovereignty over the numbers that govern policy space. SNA 2025 (chapter 35) and SEEA EA (Section D & E) adoption increases the likelihood that these numbers will be treated as official and comparable. This integration is weaponizable, and while its adoption could be a seismic reset for the global economy, considering there is literally zero discussion in the public space, and little attempt at embracing local data in local contexts or local markets, suggest that the impending reset is going to bypass those that are most in need of a reset.

Local data sovereignty needs custody. This is where practical initiatives like a community-bank becomes a serious institutional safeguard. Environmental data and stewardship data should be treated as collective assets held under fiduciary duty with explicit limits on alienation. A “community data bank” model should be literal, through community banks, credit unions, or public development-bank windows. It can also be implemented through legally chartered data trusts or cooperatives that use banking-grade custody rules and are accountable to communities and domestic public law. The function is the same. The institution holds the keys, enforces FPIC permissions, and blocks secondary uses that convert local data into external leverage.

This custody layer matters because regardless of broken contracts and agreements that might take place under FPIC, locally held data will provides communities with leverage. If communities cannot own local markets or initiatives, climate debt relief contracts can smuggle control through technical clauses.

For example, a contract can embed third-party monitoring that becomes permanent. A contract can route disputes to external arbitration that privileges investor claims. A contract can require data submission to vendor systems with derivative rights and restrictive licenses. A contract can include step-in rights that transfer implementation authority when targets are missed due to climate shocks…

As a precaution to another century of hegemony, these are not hypothetical instruments. They are common legal design patterns in contemporary finance. The difference here is that the subject is ecological governance, and the collateral logic is performed through “valuation” rather than title transfer. And to be clear, it is for us to define the value of our environment, our well being, and our bones, and if that value is sacrosanct, then that is for us to decide and to protect.

A Global South safeguard framework

Even beyond the rights of Indigenous Peoples, FPIC has to broadly apply to data collection, data storage, model design, baseline selection, verification rules, and any contract that monetizes or conditions debt relief on environmental metrics.

Environmental accounts used for national planning should be separated from monetized claims used in financial contracts. Planning accounts is public-interest infrastructure. Monetization should require an additional legal gate that includes FPIC and a domestic public-interest test. We need a multipolar framework that considers translocal or interglobal accounting, auditing, regulations, compliance, and enforcement.

Debt relief should be delinked from ecological collateralization. Debt restructuring is existential, yet it should not be purchased by converting ecosystems into long-run performance liens. UNCTAD’s debt diagnostics already show that servicing burdens are displacing basic services and development capacity (UNCTAD xx). Relief needs rules-based debt workouts and grant-based climate finance, with environmental accounting used to plan restoration and to document harms and reparative claims, rather than to securitize nature.

The G20 is the right venue to discuss this. We are in a shifting balance of power between the OECD and the BRICS economies, the multipolarity of BRICS+, is better leveraged to write new rules for the global economy and support the kinds of local data sovereign networks, for the future. BRICS+ are poised to defend against the Network State, and against a tyranny of Assets under Management.

Finally, Global South countries need compilation and verification capacity that prevents vendor dependence. The point is not to reject international standards. The point is to prevent international standards from becoming a channel through which external actors capture domestic policy. SNA 2025 and SEEA EA will be implemented unevenly. While they are within the United Nations, they are largely dominated by OECD members and policy directors.

Debt relief and environmental accounting can support poverty reduction and restoration. That outcome requires governance architecture. FPIC is the front gate; community data custody is the lock; and South-led standards implementation is the long-term defense.

_____

Disclosure: The writer is a member of the G20 Interfaith Forum (IF20) Environment Working Group. The views expressed in this article are his own and do not represent the positions of the Environment Working Group, the IF20, or any other IF20 participants.

Citations

International Monetary Fund. “Global Debt Remains Above 235% of World GDP.” IMF Blog, 17 Sept. 2025.

International Institute for Environment and Development. “World’s least developed countries spend twice as much servicing debts as they receive in climate finance.” IIED, 16 Oct. 2024.

International Labour Organization. “Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169).” OHCHR treaty text portal.

OECD. “Measuring Natural Resources in the National Accounts.” OECD Publishing, 18 Dec. 2025.

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Consultation and free, prior and informed consent (FPIC).” OHCHR.

Reuters. “Debt-for-nature swaps could give $100 billion boost to climate fight, says report.” 15 Apr. 2024.

Reuters. “Record Galapagos debt-for-nature swap scrutinized over transparency irregularities claims.” 27 Sept. 2024.

Saiki, Arnie. Ecological Economic Accounts: Towards Intemerate Values. Pacific Conference of Churches, Pacific Theological College, University of South Pacific, 2020.

UN Trade and Development. “A World of Debt 2025.” UNCTAD, 2025.

United Nations. “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.” UN, 2007.

United Nations Statistics Division. “System of National Accounts 2025.” UNStats, 2025.

United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. “Ecosystem Accounting.” UN SEEA, 2021.

published on my substack: https://onibaba.substack.com/p/ecological-accountings-debt-climate

My meandering conversation with Professor “Marina” about the auditing framework.

I had lunch yesterday talking to Professor “Marina” who teaches accounting at PCC. We were at a cafe in Pasadena.

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Marina: So, Arnie, I get that you are excited about these indigenous-led auditing frameworks and “intemerate accounting,” but I have a basic question. How can protocol, reciprocity, even something like the “valuation of bones,” ever be as reliable as standard Western accounting? I trust GAAP, IFRS, SEC filings (see annex). I do not see how protocol and trust networks can replace that.

Arnie: They do not replace it. They redefine what is material and who gets to verify it. Western accounting starts from the firm and the state. Intemerate accounting starts from the community and their traditional home. The question is not whether protocol or reciprocity substitutes for evidence. The question is what counts as evidence and who is allowed to produce and audit it.

Marina: But reliability depends on standardized rules, independent auditors, and transparency. Markets trust that. Communities are important, but that sounds subjective. How do you prevent capture or favoritism if the auditors are “from the community”?

Arnie: Start with the structure. An intemerate audit has several layers.
There are community-defined protocols. These are the rules that say who speaks for land, water, graves, fishing grounds, and so on. They already exist as customary authority.
There are also ecological and social baselines. These are measured conditions: fish counts, soil health, water quality, food security, displacement risks, and cultural sites.
Then of course, we have the intemerate auditor trained in ecological resilience. This person learns statistics, accounting, and local protocol. Their job is to document those baselines and track changes.
Also, there are external peer reviews by other indigenous or community-based auditors, or local governments, science communities, international organizations… people who are not from that village or that project. We’re dealing with comparative data, and if local data sovereignty can really be a thing, we would need someone who can verify data while prioritizing community consent.

Arnie: You get reliability because no single actor controls the data. Local knowledge sets the categories. Technical training standardizes the methods. Peer auditors check the work.

Marina: You are describing a profession, almost like a CPA, but for ecology and culture. What makes that different from an ESG consultant?

Arnie: In intemerate accounting, the community owns the raw data. Auditors and intermediaries only get “licensed” access. That reverses the usual ESG arrangement where consultants extract data for investors. ESG is designed to protect investor portfolios. Intemerate accounting is designed to protect community resilience and ecological restoration. Investors can still participate, but they have to adjust to community-defined baselines, not the other way around.

Marina: Let me push back. I am all for indigenous rights. But when you talk about “bones” and “ancestral remains” as variables in an audit, I worry you are drifting into something really abstract. How do you “value bones” in a way that a bank, a pension fund, or even a development bank can understand?

Arnie: Start by defining what the “valuation of bones” actually means. It is never the act of pricing a skull or attaching a market figure to ancestral remains. It is the recognition that burial grounds, genealogical obligations, and ancestral sites are sacrosanct. They sit outside the field of commodification. Treating bones as something to be measured in money requires erasing a people’s history. That is the premise that underlies genocide.

Arnie: Let’s look at Tuvalu, where Australia is essentially pushing for a citizenship-for-territory swap. You couldn’t pay me enough to work on a project like that. Trading your bones for citizenship is really like a history of warfare, where the victor desecrates ancestral bones. Submergence does not dissolve the connection. The relationship to land, spirit, and lineage persists even when terrestrial life becomes difficult. Communities adapt; they create the technological capacity to make settlement functional, unless, of course, they just want to leave, but that’s different from relinquishing one’s ancestral claim.

Also, that continuity is a measure of resilience. It carries more value than any external valuation of land could provide. It is not a financial metric. It is a measure of identity, obligation, and endurance that no external accounting framework can replace.

Marina: So you are reframing “bones” as a structured constraint and a permanent liability, not as some mystical add-on. Fine. But then we still have the question of transparency. Western accounting standards are open. Anyone can read IFRS rules. I do not see that with your accounting matrix. How do I trust that these indigenous audits are not just a cover for local graft?

Arnie: Western rules are open on paper, but you know very well that a lot of the real decisions happen in private back rooms, tax rulings, and side letters. Transparency is not just about publishing standards. It is about who can see the data and contest it.

In an intemerate framework, transparency works in two directions.
Horizontally, inside the community, people see how baselines and scores are produced, and of course, they can challenge them.
Vertically, any external funder would get a standardized summary: resilience scores, risk flags, protocol obligations, data provenance, whatever the needs are.

Arnie: The audits show which indicators are community-verified, which are satellite-verified, which are third-party lab results, and where there is disagreement. That is often more honest than a single “impact score” in a glossy ESG report.

Marina: You know my concern. BRICS and BRI- these multi-lateral arrangements look like geopolitical tools. They talk about “win-win” and “South-South cooperation,” but the deals are negotiated behind closed doors. Debt terms can be harsh. Why would I trust an “indigenous audit” that is plugged into that ecosystem?

Arnie: You should not trust it blindly. The point is that an intemerate audit gives communities leverage in any ecosystem, whether it is BRICS, BRI, or OECD finance— it’s just that I don’t believe any country within the OECD system would engage in a system that ultimately doesn’t benefit them or allow them to set the rules of the system. We’ve already seen what the World Bank is trying to do with FPIC. How do you standardize any Indigenous Peoples’ process for Free, Prior, and Informed consent? Multilateralism within the regional context provides far more flexibility, and in my opinion, can move very quickly. Look at COP, the big countries will drag their feet until climate is past the tipping point, then they will act when they hold all the cards. I’m sorry, I don’t want to live in that world. There have to be other options… remember, another world is possible, and an alternative accounting matrix is probably the most straightforward way to get there.

Arnie: If a bank wants to fund a port or a road, the intemerate audit says:
Here is the current social and ecological baseline.
Here are the community’s non-negotiable constraints.
Here are the obligations and revenue flows needed to improve resilience rather than degrade it.
Here are the conditions under which we will share our data or revoke consent.

Arnie: That makes the deal legible and contestable. If the bank ignores the audit and the project goes bad, there is a clear record that the community flagged the risks. It becomes evidence for renegotiation.

Marina: But does any bank actually care? I work around institutional investors. They like clean numbers: internal rate of return, net present value. They would put ESG on top if they have to, and that is probably less the case now under Trump. But they do not rewire their models around local cosmologies.

Arnie and Marina: Trump… lol…omg…Epstein…(expletives and such)…

Arnie: At the end of the day, the international accounting framework has to change, so why not start from an equation that cannot be dominated by Western accounting practices? Accounting is the fundamental that locks in conditions of colonialism, and to decolonize accounting, in my opinion, that’s the most important act.

Arnie: The intemerate auditor is the person who can translate between these worlds. They can sit with a village council and talk about bones, rivers, and genealogies. They can also sit with a credit committee and show how those same elements map to risk or long-term resilience indicators.

Marina: Explain the career path to me. Say I am a student. I study “ecological resilience auditing” under your framework. What do I actually do for work? Who pays me?

Arnie: Start at the community level. A village, a municipality, or a network of tribes commissions a resilience baseline. That includes vulnerability profiles, ecological status, and cultural sites. The intemerate auditor participates in that work. Maybe advises… but the valuation comes from the community, and the role of the auditor might be to recommend or help adjust those values, but I don’t know, maybe think of the auditor as an informed translator.

Then you have intermediary businesses. These are community-controlled entities that package projects: mangrove restoration, regenerative agriculture, small-scale energy, local health or education services. They need credible audits to access climate finance, development funds, or cooperative banks.

On the other side, you have funders. They need a pipeline of projects that are both ecologically sound and socially legitimate. They pay for audits and ongoing monitoring because that lowers their risk. Over time, auditors can work for community cooperatives, public agencies, or independent firms that specialize in intemerate verification.

Marina: So this is a whole ecosystem. Community protocols at the base. Intemerate auditors in the middle. Intermediary businesses and funds on the finance side. How does trust actually travel through that system?

Arnie: Maybe, I’m not sure. I’m not prepared to answer that question. I think a lot of options probably exist, but what you ask is going to evolve over time. I mean, to some degree, it probably already exists in a thousand different historical contexts, and if I were to name them or identify them, I would be overstepping boundaries. I mean, I have a general idea of how trust networks could evolve, but I think as soon as you define it, someone is going to develop a cryptocurrency, and it’s just going to look like shit.

Arnie: The fundamentals, however, are probably co-designed standards. Communities, auditors, and funders agree on a core set of indicators and methods, while leaving room for local variation. Each audit generates time-series data. Over five, ten, or twenty years— or even in months, you can see which communities and which auditors consistently meet or exceed resilience targets. That creates reputational capital.
And then there is network verification. Auditors and communities review each other’s work. If a project in one region claims implausible gains, others can call it out based on their own experience with similar ecosystems. And that’s not to say that there are no statistical outliers, and if there are, then we shouldn’t ignore them and adjust them to the center, but we should celebrate them and acknowledge them.

Arnie: The point is that trust is not abstract. It is documented in repeated, verifiable interactions.

Marina: Where does multipolarity fit in that picture for you? From my side, I see a lot of risk. Weak governance in recipient countries, big Chinese state-owned enterprises, debt distress, and lack of transparency. I do not want to swap Western hegemony for Chinese hegemony.

Arnie: I do not want any hegemony. The point of multipolarity for me is not to replace one center with another. It is to expand the negotiating power of communities and regions.

BRICS and BRI are important because they open additional channels of credit, trade, and infrastructure investment. Otherwise, they would have to rely on the IMF, World Bank, and G7 terms. But that only helps if communities have their own accounting and auditing tools. Otherwise, they remain as colonial subjects, stuck in the accounting valuation of deals made in Washington or Brussels.

Arnie: Intemerate accounting is one way to anchor those flows in local sovereignty. Whatever the flag on the money, the audit says: here are the conditions under which we will cooperate, and here is the evidence if you violate them.

Arnie: Ten years ago, I helped to organize the Moana Nui conference, After the second conference in Berkeley, combining the various themes of trade, militarization, resources, indigeneity, and globalization, my friend Ali’itasi and I met up in one of the hotel rooms and mapped out what we call the RRMA: the Regional Regulatory Monitoring Authority, and we submitted that to the Pacific Island Forum and that is what led me to participate in the World Band Fragility Forum on SDG 16— and that was a huge eye opener. I went to the statistical meetings and it was so obvious that these were back-door capitalization systems— but anyway, I was lucky that I got to do that.

Marina: You are asking me to shift my baseline. I usually start from the idea that Western accounting is neutral and everything else is political. You are saying Western accounting is also political, and indigenous auditing makes that visible.

Arnie: Exactly. Western accounting is very good at tracking cash, liabilities, and shareholder value. It is very bad at tracking ecological depletion, unpaid care, dispossession, or spiritual harm. That is not a bug. It reflects the priorities of the economies that designed it.

Indigenous-led auditing does not claim to be neutral. It says openly that the purpose is to sustain the community, the land, and future generations. Then it applies rigorous methods to that purpose: clear protocols, measurable baselines, peer review, and data governance.

Marina: I still worry that once you plug this into big geopolitics, it gets co-opted. A bank might badge a project as “indigenous-audited” while still pushing through highways, mines, and ports that serve its strategic interests.

Arnie: Co-optation is always a risk. The safeguard is where the data sits and who can withhold it. If the community controls the underlying data and the right to say yes or no, the intemerate audit cannot be faked without breaking protocol.

It is not perfect. Neither is GAAP or IFRS. The difference is that here the primary reference point is the community’s continuity rather than the investor’s quarterly earnings.

Marina: If a young person asked you whether to study for a CPA or become an intemerate ecological resilience auditor, what would you say?

Arnie: I would say there is room for both, and the world will need the connection between them. If you become a CPA, of course, you will make an immediate income. But if you learn how ecological and social risk actually work on the ground, if you become an intemerate auditor, you would end up learning how to sit on the mat, which I think is much more valuable than sitting at the table. For one thing, you have to earn trust.

Communities will need people who can quantify resilience in a way that respects protocol and reciprocity. Investors and public agencies will need people who can translate that into contracts, covenants, and long-term obligations.

Marina: I still have reservations about BRICS and especially about China. I am not ready to trust BRI just because there is an “indigenous audit” attached to it. But I can see that what you are describing is not just mystical talk. It is a serious proposal for how to structure evidence and trust.

Arnie: Don’t dismiss it. Recognize it as a different starting point for what counts as value and who gets to define risk.

Marina: Fair. Next time you run a training or have a draft of these standards, I would like to see them. I am curious.

ANNEX

GAAP, IFRS, and SEC auditing form the core architecture of Western accounting because they support large capital markets, not because they offer a neutral or comprehensive view of value. GAAP and IFRS standardize how firms recognize revenue, assets, liabilities, and risk so investors can compare companies across jurisdictions, while SEC auditing enforces these disclosures through legal authority. Their reach comes from the scale of US and European financial systems, which makes their methods global defaults. They excel at tracking cash flows, ownership, and measurable financial risk, but they do not account for ecological depletion, cultural obligations, or intergenerational continuity unless those issues threaten profitability. Their authority is institutional and market-driven, rather than an indication that they capture the full range of what societies consider valuable.

https://onibaba.substack.com/p/ecological-intemerate-auditing

on my substack:
https://onibaba.substack.com/p/through-the-glass-darkly

A critical and intemerate response to the UNFCCC COP 30, October 2025 NDC paper, “Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement”

Through the glass, darkly, the world observes its reflection in the mirrored surface of debt. Climate finance presents itself as a race to save the planet, while concurrently dragging its feet through genocide, perpetuating, and provoking war and economic destabilization with countries and/or economies that don’t align with the targets of asset management. This image is refracted through an opaque medium in which debt and data have become indistinguishable currencies. The new economy of restoration—measured in bonds, credits, and blended instruments—rests upon the same arithmetic that has long commodified crisis. The result is a system that counts environmental virtue in units of liability, and it is within this accounting paradigm that nothing moves unless data are surrendered, standardized, and securitized by those who profit from accumulation. (See annex 1)

According to the report, 88% percent of Parties now quantify their financial needs, collectively estimating almost two trillion dollars to achieve their climate goals. Yet this number does not reflect ecological repair. It represents eligibility for loans, grants, and blended finance issued through international intermediaries, of which local communities have little access to developing or controlling. The calculation itself reaffirms dependence and development aid. The majority of states identify international sources as their principal means of implementation, while domestic finance remains marginal. For the 88%, what passes for cooperation is a hierarchy of access: to debt, to rating agencies, to the terms of disclosure. The poorer the country, the greater its obligation to make itself legible through data extraction.

With the expressed aim of decolonizing accounting methodologies, Intemerate Accounting rejects this conflation of valuation. Ecological accounting begins not with credit lines but with the veracity of local data. It treats knowledge as a reciprocal asset, not as collateral. Yet within the architecture of the Paris Agreement, data are produced for creditors, not for communities. Local biostatistics, resilience measures, and ecological inventories become the raw material for global climate finance. What is called transparency is, in practice, a kind of opacity. When trust is the real basis of reciprocity and exchange, the colonial system replaces that trust with its accounting methodology, using the language of data transparency to conceal the extraction that sustains it.

Their function is to verify compliance and maintain liquidity in funds administered by asset managers. If this is transparency, it is a ghost, a spectral transparency more aligned with the hauntology of capital, as I describe in detail in another post.

Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) and Enhanced Transparency Frameworks (ETF) in the Paris regime are built to evidence compliance with Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and to standardize information for eligibility, disbursement, and review. The 2025 synthesis shows that 92 percent of Parties now describe domestic MRV systems, most linked to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventories and biennial transparency reports under the ETF; three-quarters describe formal tracking of NDC progress. These functions discipline how data is produced and shared, and they determine who qualifies for finance and on what terms.

But this is the crux of the sham.

MRV and the ETF assume that indigenous protocols and reciprocity schemes cannot be standardized, so they subordinate them to templates that serve creditors. Intemerate Accounting inverts this. Indigenous verification rooted in trust, consent, and continuous stewardship, I would argue, produces more accurate measures than distant audit frames because it binds evidence to responsibility. Any market that does not vest ownership, custody, and authorship of data in local practitioners will undervalue community resources and overvalue investor returns. Transparency without community control is spectral: an appearance of clarity that reproduces domination while claiming neutrality.

This “spectral transparency” obscures ownership and control of the underlying data, making it more performative rather than emancipatory. It only “appears” as openness while reproducing the power of those who determine what counts and who counts. That is the sense in which the visibility of MRV becomes ghostly.

The World Bank’s estimation of environmental data as a one-hundred-trillion-dollar asset is a fiction that reveals the depth of this confusion. It presumes that ecosystems can be priced in the same ledger as, for example, sovereign debt. The coincidence that global public debt approximates the same figure is not incidental. Debt and environment mirror one another: both are abstractions of life converted into obligations. The debt of nations sustains the liquidity of markets, while the data of ecosystems sustains the credibility of climate finance. Each exists to justify the other. The illusion of parity conceals the asymmetry of control.

To put things in perspective, the combined debt of the ACP countries is only around $4 trillion. But for many ACP countries, that debt is blood money, and it is the very real life and death to any genuine security that might be achieved if a decolonial accounting program were adopted. To be blunt, if the ACP were to tell the OECD countries that they need to pay off their $65 trillion in debt* before tackling their $4 trillion, how would the entire accounting matrix unfold so that all debt would be zeroed out? But here’s the rub: if the OECD economies continue to accumulate global environmental data, once again, the ACP, indigenous peoples, and alterity networks will be left at a disadvantage because, without owning their data, they will not be able to control intermediary markets and remain rentiers in ecological spaces they have stewarded for generations.

Imagine the United States and the OECD economies, holding the lion’s share of global debt, defining the terms under which ecological data are valued and exchanged. This is not hyperbole. Within the UN Statistical Division, the System of Environmental Economic Accounts (SEEA) is building a data reservoir that may seem benign, but when you consider that the only ones building this new accounting system are the OECD countries, with no substantive input from the Global South or from the real equity holders of global environmental data, we should not be foolish enough to equate benign with with benevolent. The architecture of SEEA encodes the same hierarchies that structure global finance. By positioning OECD institutions as the arbiters of ecological value, it transforms measurement into ownership and transparency into control. What appears as technical coordination is, in truth, the consolidation of data sovereignty within the very economies most indebted to the planet they claim to account for.

Moreover, U.S. military installations—both long-established and newly constructed under the pretext of national defense—are often situated directly above or adjacent to vital aquifers. Their presence is not incidental. These sites discharge classified chemical and radioactive pollutants into the very sources of freshwater that sustain nearby communities, while the data on contamination, remediation, and long-term risk remain hidden under security exemptions. This produces a layered form of control: polluting the resource, manufacturing scarcity, restricting access to environmental information, and consolidating that information into asset-managed databases. Within this arrangement, water becomes a dual commodity—first as a privatized physical resource, and second as data priced and traded through the same markets that determine financial derivatives. The secrecy of military pollution is not just an environmental crime; it is a data strategy that links ecological degradation to the governance of scarcity and the monetization of knowledge within the very same asset management houses that govern the different investment sectors in OECD economies. One of the dark sides of AI is how data computations, wielded by investment regimes, can turn data into trillions of assets, before the signatures providing our consent dry. (see annex 2)

So, within this context, who, really, are the external threats and actors?

Seen through this lens, the Global Stocktake is more of a ceremonial account—there is no material measurement, because there is no local market, no locally driven intermediary markets when it comes to, for example, warehousing, logistics, health care exchanges, risk pools and cooperative insurance, cultural knowledge cooperatives, mutual credit systems, procurement hubs, audit and verification clearinghouses, etc… Within traditional knowledge systems, these are all supply chain nodules that go back centuries, before neoliberalism, capitalism, and colonialism. (see annex 3)

The Global Stocktake, as understood within COP, is a perfunctory “take” without any stock.

They audit participation without altering the ownership of value. They translate local realities into universal indicators that sustain the global financial narrative. The act of reflection is itself commodified; the world is asked to gaze upon its moral image through the glass of data that others own. Nothing will be restored until that glass shatters.

Through the glass, intemerately, clarity emerges only through the grounded work of local verification, where value returns to those who produce and sustain it.

Intemerate Accounting proposes a reversal. To account intemerately is to remove the filter of debt and to see restoration as a process of restitution, but really an act of liberation, emancipation, and decolonization (LED). Value must arise from verified restoration, held within local custody, expressed in regional accounts that balance monetary factors with ecological variables. Data must serve communities first, not creditors. Only when communities control their information can finance cease to function as an instrument of enclosure and become a mechanism of reciprocity.

Through the glass, intemerately, we begin to see how reflection has been mistaken for truth. Debt has been treated as unavoidable, and data as unquestionable evidence. To see clearly requires stepping beyond the mirror of finance and the abstractions that mistake exposure for control. Clarity emerges only through the grounded work of local verification, where value returns to those who produce and sustain it.

Decolonize Accounting is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work with a cup of coffee, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.

Annexes:

annex 1. 1 Corinthians 13:12 teaches that our present knowledge is partial and mediated, “through a glass, darkly,” while full understanding comes only “face to face.” The Qur’an states the same epistemic limit in a different key: hearts can be sealed and veiled so that hearing and sight fail (Q 2:7; 17:45–46). Read against the Global Stocktake, these verses name a structural problem. Aggregated indicators promise vision, yet they filter reality through distant categories and institutions. What we see is a managed reflection, not a face-to-face account of restoration. An ethical stocktake would attend to the veil itself. It would replace mediated visibility with accountable proximity by centering local custody of data, consent, and community verification. Until these conditions hold, the Stocktake measures what it is designed to allow, and dismisses what the framework excludes.


annex 2. This captures the structural violence of data monetization: the conversion of information into speculative capital without meaningful consent. In the context of a decolonial accounting system, it exposes how AI operates not as a neutral analytical tool but as a multiplier of enclosure. Machine learning systems extract behavioral, ecological, and biostatistical data, standardize it, and feed it into valuation chains governed by asset managers. Consent, when it exists at all, is procedural—signed but never understood, automated within terms-of-service architecture.

AI, therefore, functions as an accelerant in the ongoing financialization of data. It processes and prices data. Once processed, local and ecological data enter global markets as synthetic assets—carbon credits, environmental derivatives, ESG portfolios—detached from their communities of origin. The transformation happens in milliseconds, yet its effects can endure for generations, as ownership over the data’s value migrates upward into investment funds while the consequences of extraction remain local, and that data builds value through the intermediary of data governance, creating a further division of accessing wealth.

In short, AI enables a new form of expropriation: an instantaneous capitalization of consent. What looks like computation is, in truth, the continuation of colonial accumulation through algorithms trained to interpret the world as collateral.

annex 3. In the early days of supply and exchange—before colonial borders and corporate law—trade was rooted in protocol, reciprocity, and mutual recognition. Markets were extensions of community, not instruments of extraction. People exchanged goods, knowledge, and labor through relationships governed by trust and custom. Security, storage, and translation of value were collective responsibilities, sustained through offerings or tithes that reinforced social balance rather than accumulation. These exchanges linked territories through mutual obligation, ensuring that value circulated without domination.

Colonialism broke that equilibrium. It replaced reciprocal trade with monopolized access, transforming markets into tools of exclusion. The colonized were barred from setting prices, issuing currencies, or defining value on their own terms. Markets ceased to reflect relationships and instead became infrastructures of control. The rhetoric of the “free market” masked the violence of dispossession.

Today, that structure persists under a new form of empire—data capitalism. Every act of communication, movement, and consumption is captured, quantified, and transformed into asset value. Our actions feed systems that convert behavior into capital. What was once overtly stolen is now silently expropriated through code. The tithe has become algorithmic: we pay it not with goods, but with our digital presence. To participate is to yield information that others own and monetize.

This condition, however, is not inherent to technology itself. Technology is neither liberating nor oppressive on its own. The distinction lies in governance. Some nations, such as China, possess the same computational capacities but deploy them under a model that asserts data sovereignty and rejects the Western doctrine of “data transparency.” That rejection is not about secrecy; it is about control. It recognizes that transparency, when defined by financial or geopolitical interests, becomes a form of surveillance masquerading as openness.

From the standpoint of Intemerate Accounting, the issue is not the use of technology but who defines its ethics and owns its outputs. Colonialism continues whenever data leaves communities without the full free, prior, and informed consent of the program or an understanding of how to access, manage, and restore equitable compensation. The alternative lies in restoring the principle that guided precolonial exchange: trust grounded in responsibility. Local data sovereignty reclaims that right, transforming technology from a means of extraction into a tool for equitable accounting, where value and information remain in the custody of those who create them.

There was an Opinion piece I saw in the Fiji Times recently called “Let’s make rich villages poor: The GDP scam.”

Every critique of GDP sounds great until you notice what’s missing: local data ownership. The global argument against GDP’s blindness to real well-being—its disregard for food sovereignty, care work, and ecological health—is true but incomplete. What makes it incomplete is that even the proposed alternatives, like the Gross Ecosystem Product or the Multidimensional Poverty Index, still rely on data extracted and standardized under OECD and IMF frameworks.

OECD systems depend on data uniformity to preserve comparability, credit ratings, and loan conditions. If communities were to control their own data, they would control how value is defined. That would undo the epistemic power that keeps the global South dependent on donor institutions for validation.

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Fiji’s 1193 villages already live by the logic of vanua: resilience, reciprocity, and shared care. Their data should not be captured for external valuation. Yet GDP-based accounting systems classify these communities as poor because they do not transact in cash. New ecological indices repeat this logic, converting restoration into valuation rather than sovereignty.

True accounting reform begins when data sovereignty is embedded in the measure itself. A better approach is that communities must be the custodians of their data, determining how it is gathered, verified, and interpreted. Only then can the metrics of prosperity emerge from the lived ecology of people and place, not from the institutions that have mismeasured them for decades.

Fiji doesn’t need more indicators to replicate what it cannot already access with GDP. It needs control over its own data. That is where prosperity begins.

Our regional wealth begins not with higher GDP or greener indices, but with the right to define value through our own data.

Also, it’s important to be clear what the purpose of GDP is. As a measurement of growth, it derives value from its connection to debt and access to credit. Nations pursue higher GDP figures because international financial institutions use those numbers to determine loan eligibility and repayment capacity (the standard threshold for developing countries is 60% debt-to-GDP). Likewise, when countries adopt so-called alternative economic or ecological indicators, their value is often limited to accessing aid, rather than transforming economic relations. Both loans and aid remain institutionalized under OECD governance, reinforcing the same hierarchies of dependency that GDP has evolved into.

For Pasifika, true independence will not come from adopting new global metrics but from building data sovereignty. There is no better model of indigenous stewardship or recalibration of ecological and social well-being than for these nations to collect, manage, and interpret their own data according to their own values of vanua and community resilience. By controlling the full life cycle of their data—from collection to interpretation—they can define, or maybe redefine prosperity in terms of balance, reciprocity, and restoration rather than only extraction and growth.

Once data ownership is secured, Pasifika can use their aggregated knowledge to establish translocal markets that reflect real ecological and social exchange. These markets would not depend on western-imposed oversight, validation, or external certification but would instead operate through local networks grounded in shared ecological realities. In this system, value would circulate through stewardship rather than speculation, and data would serve as an instrument of solidarity rather than surveillance.

In short, our regional wealth begins not with higher GDP or greener indices, but with the right to define value through our own data.

https://onibaba.substack.com/p/local-data-sovereignty

Pasifika should not be seen as a region waiting to be developed. It should be understood as a constellation of knowledge systems, cultural protocols, and ecological memory that can chart new economic futures. As climate finance, digital infrastructure, and geopolitical alliances shift toward a multipolar world, Pasifika communities are in a position to define a new basis for economic sovereignty—rooted not in extraction, but in stewardship. What lies ahead is not simply the protection of marine territories or the conservation of biodiversity. It is the articulation of data regimes, value systems, and accounting protocols that reorient wealth around reciprocity, care, and restoration.

This is the potential of local data sovereignty. When communities control how their data is gathered, interpreted, and applied, they do more than manage their environments. They begin to shape the terms of exchange, define the metrics of value, and engage in economic practices that reject the financial abstractions imposed by carbon markets, biodiversity offsets, and speculative ESG instruments. Ownership of indigenous island knowledge—biodiversity, water systems, migratory patterns, seasonal flows—becomes the foundation of a new kind of economy. One that recognizes interaction, not accumulation. Stewardship, not speculation.

In this light, the 2008 Locally-Managed Marine Area guide by Govan et al. offers a valuable entry point. It laid the groundwork for community-based adaptive management (CBAM) in the Pacific, centering traditional knowledge, participatory mapping, and biological monitoring. The guide affirmed the importance of local engagement and recognized the role of custom in marine governance. But it did not yet consider that monitoring itself produces data capital. It did not imagine that the knowledge generated by communities could constitute an economy of its own. Tools that transect stakeholder matrices and seasonal calendars, for example, remain vital. Yet they are framed in the language of resource management rather than sovereignty. The data generated through CBAM is circulated to external institutions for conservation planning, not retained as a strategic asset by communities themselves. This is not a flaw of the methodology, but a limitation of its historical imagination. It now falls to the next generation to build upon that foundation and to reframe monitoring as a sovereign act.

This is what makes the announcement of the Melanesian Ocean Reserve by Ralph Regenvanu (Vanuatu) and Solomon Island National University so consequential. With over six million square kilometers of sea and island territories under a Pasifika-led protection, it promises not only to be the largest marine reserve of its kind, but the beginning of a political and epistemological shift. Led by the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, and aligning with a Kanaky EEZ, this reserve invites a reimagination of marine governance as both protection and jurisdiction. The opportunity not only challenges foreign extractive practices like Deep Seabed Mining. It is to turn environmental data itself into the terrain of regional autonomy by creating potential markets that value the stewardship of our ecological biodiversity.

This potential is amplified by the region’s geopolitical alignment. The Solomon Islands, through its participation in the Belt and Road Initiative, is positioned to develop regional data infrastructures that are not dictated by Australian or American frameworks. China’s orientation toward local data sovereignty for example, while certainly strategic, allows for a different kind of negotiation—one that does not presume default access to indigenous data or assume ownership of its applications. France, by contrast, and the European Union by extension, while advancing strong data protections internally, continues to extend colonial jurisdiction across the largest maritime zone in the world through its administration of Kanaky (New Caledonia), Tahiti (French Polynesia), and Wallis and Futuna.

To move beyond this structure requires not only policy realignment but educational transformation. The work being done at the Pasifika Communities University highlights how local indigenous accounting frameworks can be part of that shift. The development of curricula around intemerate accounting, local data markets, and translocal economies is a praxis of refusal and reorientation toward Pasifika relationality. In this program, students are learning to audit not in the service of compliance, but as a form of witness. They are defining metrics not to standardize value, but to restore relationality. They are learning to interpret data through reciprocal protocols that do not obey Western timelines, but follow seasonal rhythms, genealogical memory, and ecological responsibility. This is where Free, Prior, and Informed Consent becomes more than a procedural safeguard. It becomes the foundation of a data economy that respects the sovereignty of knowledge.

Intemerate accounting offers the architecture for this future. It does not quantify nature for pricing, but measures the quality of interactions between communities and ecosystems. It creates a framework where economic viability is inseparable from cultural integrity and environmental repair. Unlike GDP, which reduces life to output, or carbon credits, which monetizes damage, the intemerate equation recognizes that value must be situated within histories of care, displacement, resistance, and renewal.

To build on this foundation, we must recognize translocal data markets not as platforms for profit, but as circuits of solidarity. These are exchanges where communities share ecological insights and services, adapt strategies to shifting climate conditions, and hold one another in accountability and trust. They are not commodities but commitments, they are transactional transformations. What is exchanged is recognition.

This is the work ahead. Not to manage ecosystems within the constraints of existing frameworks, but to design new systems of accounting, valuation, and governance that emerge from the lived practices of those who have sustained these ecosystems for generations. The era of big conservation is nearing exhaustion. Its maps, its metrics, its mandates have failed to protect what matters most. What comes next must be authored from below, from within, from across the liquid continent of Pasifika where data is not simply a 21st-century resource to be accumulated by wealth extraction and private ownership by multi-trillion dollar asset managers like Blackrock and Vanguard, and other too-big-to-fail Assets under Management. Local Data Sovereignty prevents “colonialism-by-spreadsheet.”

Just as Marx described the shroud of capitalism settling across Europe, the Pacific has lived under its own veil of occupation, privatization, and enclosure. Foreign powers have laid claim not only to land and sea but to memory itself, covering the ocean of our ancestors and the futures of our children’s children, not just across our vast island network, but across time and the entire world. To lift this colonial covering is not simply to reject extraction. It is to restore visibility to all systems of knowledge and stewardship that have long sustained our regions. The threat posed by deep seabed mining, for example, is not just ecological. It reflects a deeper failure to recognize the value of our technologies, our protocols of care, and our capacity to define value on our own terms. Local data sovereignty allows us to navigate the global economy not as clients but as custodians of a shared oceanic future.

Deep seabed mining belongs to the imagination of a 19th-century economy, a world of imperial frontiers and accumulation through conquest. We do not need to live in that world. The valuation systems that animated empire—resource speculation, territorial expansion, extractive growth—cannot guide us through the ecological crises they helped create. The only valuation that now holds meaning is the resilience of the environment and the biodiversity that makes life possible. To ignore the technological imagination of Pasifika, to refuse the regenerative intelligence rooted in reciprocity and intergenerational care, is to abandon the very foundations of our history and community.

If our leaders cannot see the value of ecological guardianship, then that failure demands reckoning. This is not a policy dispute. It is existential. To support seabed mining is to uphold the most violent tools of colonialism: genocide, ecocide, slavery, theft, fraud, and dispossession. It signals surrender and collapse. Simply put, if our leaders cannot protect the sea, how can they protect the people who belong to it? To those who support DSM, they would have sold our ancestor’s bones for what essentially should amount to a sliver of a penny on the dollar. Think about that.

The recent presentation of the 2025 Pacific Update at the University of South Pacific hosted by Australia National University on Gross National Disposable Income (GNDI), introduced a revised approach to economic measurement for the Pacific Island Countries (PICs). Delivered by Professor Stephen Howes, in collaboration with Dr. Rubiat Chowdhury, the presentation argued that GNDI is a more accurate measure of income for the region than the widely used Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The failure of GDP as a national accounting metric is evident, and we should all agree that GDP has been a failure for Developing Countries and regions, particularly Pasifika. Behind the curtain of GDP is a system of measurement that has been designed to be obfuscating, and even those working within National Accounts are confused and silenced by the inclusion of some revisions and the exclusion of others. If we want to understand the evolution of GDP, one has to understand the role of the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and its leadership role in the OECD. For the Global South as a whole, the way to approach GDP is to view it as the twin fists of neocolonialism and debt, it is a closed accounting system that does not allow space for any mechanism to counter the OECD narrative.

It is for this singular reason that when Pacific Theological College was working on their Reweaving the Ecological Mat program, we focused on National Accounting Systems and created the Intemerate Equation. In the simplest and most elegant terms, we proposed a corrective to GDP by introducing a modulator based on environmental and social well-being, using self-determined indicators capable of attaining their own market value independent of OECD influence. This is what is now put into practice at Pasifika Communities University.

With GNDI, the central claim is that the unique economic structure of PICs—characterized by low domestic production and high external inflows—cannot be captured by GDP alone.

Stephen Howes’s presentation focused on three main points. First, that the Pacific is economically unique. Second, that the region experienced the fastest economic growth in the world during the 2010s when measured using GNDI. Third, that GNDI should become the preferred metric for assessing economic performance in the Pacific, given its inclusion of remittances, aid inflows, sovereign asset revenues such as the PNA’s fishing licenses, and foreign investment income.

While these claims are technically compelling, they require careful examination. One critical omission in the presentation is the issue of population density. The Pacific Islands region, including Papua New Guinea (PNG), comprises a population of approximately 18 million spread across a maritime area of nearly 25 million square kilometers of exclusive economic zones (EEZs). This extremely low population density presents challenges for infrastructure development, service delivery, and ecological governance. It also raises questions about how per capita metrics like GNDI or GDP are interpreted and whether they can meaningfully represent social or ecological well-being across dispersed populations. As we begin to explore this low population density, what we should be asking is why Pasifika people do not have the highest GDP per capita in the world, because the fact that they remain on the lower economic development index is not the result of Pacific Islanders but rather, the enforcers of economic governance that excludes Pasifika values.

Any revision of GDP must not be approached lightly. The risk is that PICs may be locking themselves into a revised metric without fully understanding the range of GDP indicators and their policy implications. A more rigorous presentation would have addressed GDP not only in nominal terms—which are more useful for assessing debt obligations and financial exposure—but also through the lens of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). PPP accounts for price differentials between countries and is often used to compare living standards and real income. It is notably absent from Howes’s presentation. “Economic growth becomes more meaningful under PPP because it accounts for local costs of living, allowing us to measure our economy in relation to what people can actually afford.”

The logic of GNDI, as presented, is structurally closer to PPP than to nominal GDP. It attempts to account for income flows that affect people’s capacity to spend and live, rather than measuring only domestic production. But without explicit reference to PPP or the nominal vs. real distinction in GDP, the audience is left with a partial view of how GNDI fits within the broader landscape of national accounting.

Another issue is the framing of GNDI as an unproblematic improvement. If PICs adopt this metric without rethinking how data is collected, interpreted, and monetized, they may be entering into another cycle of extractive accounting. GNDI incorporates remittances, aid, and revenues from sovereign assets—but these data streams, once formalized in economic models, can also be subjected to valuation, securitization, and eventually commodification. There is a growing global trend toward turning data into financial instruments. Without explicit safeguards, these revised metrics may be used to justify new forms of financial speculation or market capture.

What is missing from the GNDI proposal is a discussion of data sovereignty. Pasifika cannot afford to reproduce the centralized, top-down systems of measurement that have long defined GDP. The design of economic indicators must be rooted in regional governance, with community-based processes of validation, and mechanisms for consent. Otherwise, metrics like GNDI will merely offer a more refined version of the same economic logic that has failed to deliver equitable or sustainable outcomes.

For GNDI to be useful, it must be placed within a framework of accounting that centers wellbeing, ecological interaction, and community-defined values. Without this anchoring, the revision of GDP will remain superficial. Yes, Pasifika needs better numbers, but we need to assert control over what is counted, how it is counted, and who benefits from the counting.

https://onibaba.substack.com/p/what-gndi-leaves-out-of-pacific-economies

Toward a Maritime Future:

As Pacific Island delegates gather for the Third China–Pacific Island Countries Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, the horizon feels open with possibility. Amidst persistent Western narratives warning against Chinese engagement, it is important to affirm that the Pacific is not a void to be filled by superpowers—Pasifika is an ocean of relation, a mat of kinship stretching from Asia to Latin America, a space that remembers what many modern states forget: reciprocity.

It is in this spirit that we welcome the potential of a China-led Maritime Belt and Road Initiative that looks beyond narrow geostrategic framing and begins to map trade and infrastructure along the equatorial currents. These currents— moving west to east and east to west, bending past the Galápagos towards Panama—carry more than cargo. They carry the promise of a renewed maritime commons, where Pacific Island Countries are not just stepping stones or choke points, but sovereign nodes in a new oceanic connectivity.

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The possibility of enhancing east-west maritime trade between Asia and Latin America—through infrastructure aligned with Pacific currents and possibly even the long-discussed Nicaragua Canal—offers an alternative route to the Northern shipping passages dominated by U.S. naval and commercial interests. For PICs, this is not about choosing sides. It is about choosing futures.

Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific Islands share more than the Pacific. They share histories of colonial disruption, extractive economies, and diaspora. But they also share a vision—of sustainable, equitable trade rooted in local resilience, biodiversity, and cultural dignity. As trade corridors develop, let them be corridors of solidarity. Let Pacific and Latin American ports grow together—not in competition with nature, but in coordination with it.

This would mean balancing trade with ocean governance, building on regional frameworks. It would mean embedding indigenous leadership into port development, fishery agreements, and digital shipping infrastructures. Above all, it would mean centering the human currents—people-to-people exchanges, cooperative education, spiritual diplomacy—that make any infrastructure meaningful.

Promoting another kind of NFIP: A Neoliberal-Free, Independent Pasifika

In the spirit of regional gatherings past, we might recall the Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific meetings as a political, philosophical, and spiritual reference point. Then, the call was for sovereignty, demilitarization, and a Pacific defined by its own voice rather than by external forces. While NFIP was inclusive of the participation of peace and justice warriors from Latin America, Asia, Alaska, US First Nations, and Torres Strait, today we find ourselves navigating a different kind of encroachment—not nuclear testing, but economic saturation; not military bases alone, but market capture, conditional finance, and outsourced governance.

Perhaps what we are witnessing is the emergence of a Neoliberal-Free and Independent Pacific—where the language of free is repurposed to mean deregulated capital flows, and independence is brokered through multilateral development compacts. Where solidarity risks being replaced by infrastructure debt, asset management, and digital extractivism.

Yet it is precisely by remembering the clarity and vision of those earlier assemblies that we might reimagine the present—not to retreat into past formulations, but to reassert that independence cannot be defined by remaining enclosed by western criteria. The Pacific remains a site of relation, not transaction. And it is here, in this tension between memory and modernization, that new forms of alliance and resistance can still be charted— Local Data Sovereignty, for example.

In this moment of shifting currents, Pasifika might also draw strength from the emancipatory lineage of Latin America’s own insurgent imagination—from the defiant praxis of Che Guevara and Fidel Castro, who refused the hemispheric dictates of empire; from Subcomandante Marcos, who achieved Zapatista autonomy; from Paulo Freire, who taught us that liberation begins by naming the world in our own terms. We are reminded that revolution is not merely an event, but a process of collective becoming. Presidents Hugo Chávez, Evo Morales and Jose Mujica all reclaimed sovereignty as a hemispheric demand. These are not just icons. They are reminders that across oceans and mountains, movements have always prioritized dignity over domination, mutual care over managed scarcity.

So too must we remember Pasifika’s own lineage, which unmoors us from colonial enclosure and re-anchors us in ancestral continuity. Epeli Hau‘ofa reminded us that Oceania is a vast region of expansive connectivity. Haunani-Kay Trask refused the erasure of Kanaka Maoli nationhood, articulating a fierce and unapologetic vision of sovereignty grounded in land, language, and resistance to settler colonialism. Teresia Teaiwa revealed the gendered scars of militarization and the paradox of paradise. Our Pasifika teachers and schools—like the new Pasifika Communities University in Fiji, seeks to redefine what it means to decolonize from the inside out—politically, spiritually, and poetically. As we trace decolonial cartographies across accounting, education, and environmental justice, Pasifika voices call us not to replicate foreign models, but to deepen our ancestral consciousness, to listen to the ocean as archive, and to recognize that the struggle for self-determination in the Pacific is not new—it is ongoing.

Who better to support our economic realignment than a nation whose agrarian revolution broke the chains of feudalism, overcame a century of humiliation, and lifted hundreds of millions from poverty—not through submission to foreign capital, but through sovereign planning and collective mobilization. China’s experience under Mao, and its evolving post-revolutionary trajectory, offers not a template, but a lesson in resilience. Just as China endured decades of blockades and sanctions, Pasifika has weathered the long enclosure—first through colonial borders, now through neoliberal privatization and financialization. These regimes, couched in development rhetoric, siphon value from our ocean economies, fragment regional unity, and entrench debt dependency. The task before us is not simply to resist, but to reconfigure—to learn from those who reclaimed developmental sovereignty and to shape a future that is neither beholden nor peripheral, but intemerate and interdependent.

For too long, Western interests have held the Pacific apart—politically, logistically, and psychologically. The colonial map still lingers: territories administered from Paris, Washington, Canberra, and Wellington; trade and air routes designed to serve metropoles; regional institutions constrained by design. Infrastructure—what we lack, and what we are denied—has long served as a tool of control. Without regional cross-border agreements, undersea cables, or deep-water ports, our ocean is divided not by nature but by policy. Yet as new proposals emerge—linking Pasifika to each other and to Asia and Latin America along equatorial currents—we glimpse the formation of a liquid continent: not a bloc to be managed, but a constellation of sovereign relations. If developed on our terms, maritime and digital infrastructure will do more than facilitate trade—it will dissolve the conditionalities that have long defined our place in the world.

We have the opportunity now to resist being tethered to old Cold War scripts. Let this be the moment when Pacific Island Countries can link hemispheres not through conquest, but through genuine security.

Unleashing America’s Offshore Critical Minerals: A Doctrine of Deep Sea Unilateralism: (see previous work on Executive Actions)

The recent Executive Order titled “Unleashing America’s Offshore Critical Minerals and Resources“ marks a definitive rupture in the United States’ approach to global ocean governance. It is not merely a domestic administrative action—it may as well be a declaration of war. This Executive Order signals that the U.S. government is prepared to bypass international agreements, challenge multilateralism, and unilaterally pursue deep seabed mining (DSM) in areas designated by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) as the “common heritage of mankind.” By aligning state power with corporate ambition, this order effectively formalizes what had previously been speculative or tentative behavior—most notably, The Metals Company’s attempt to exploit legal ambiguity—and transforms it into a doctrine of sovereign overreach.

Deep Seabed Mining is a Blue Peril

In 2022, the Deepsea Mining Campaign released the Blue Peril video alongside a scientific study, exposing the alarming risks posed by The Metals Company’s (TMC) deep-sea mining ambitions in the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) of the Pacific Ocean. Through rigorous simulation, it reveals how vast sediment plumes—both from seabed disturbance (benthic plumes) and midwater waste discharge—could spread across fragile ocean ecosystems, far beyond the immediate mining sites licensed by Nauru and Tonga.

Using state-of-the-art ocean current models, the study tracks virtual sediment particles as they drift through deep ocean currents. These simulations are not speculative—they are grounded in the best scientific tools available. Yet, they deliver a stark warning: while we can predict the direction and speed of horizontal currents with confidence, we are operating in dangerous uncertainty when it comes to how much sediment will be released and how far it will spread.

Settling rates for these sediments—critical for understanding how long particles will remain suspended and how wide the damage will extend—vary by two orders of magnitude in existing scientific literature. This means that what might be dismissed as a localized impact could, in reality, suffocate marine ecosystems across tens of thousands of square kilometers. A single mining vehicle, moving across the seabed for a year, could generate an annual sediment footprint exceeding 10,000 km². And these are conservative estimates—full-scale operations will deploy larger machines, potentially in tandem, compounding the harm.

Key factors such as turbulence and increased mining activity threaten to expand these plumes even further, with impacts on deep-sea biodiversity, much of which remains undiscovered and poorly understood. The deep ocean is not an empty expanse—it is a living system, intricately balanced and vulnerable to disruption. Yet, mining companies, managed by the likes of Gerard Barron are pushing forward like corporate psychopaths ignoring all precautionary warnings over the irreversible damage they will cause, simply for financial gain.

Over 50 controlled simulation experiments confirm that once sediment is released, its spread becomes largely uncontrollable, indifferent to the minor adjustments in mining technique or discharge geometry. The current models—though advanced—are built on limited deep-sea data. In vast regions like the CCZ, there may not be a single deep-ocean current meter feeding real-time data into these global models. We are navigating blind.

The public must recognize the gravity of this moment. Decisions made in boardrooms and regulatory bodies today could devastate ocean ecosystems for centuries. This is not just a scientific issue—it is a moral one. Ignoring them could mean silencing the deep ocean before we even understand the life it holds.

Codifying U.S. Unilateralism in International Waters

At the heart of the order lies the reactivation of the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act (DSHMRA), a stone-age relic of Cold War-era legislation crafted to allow the U.S. to authorize deep-sea mining licenses outside of UNCLOS, which it has never ratified. The EO empowers U.S. agencies to issue exploration and extraction permits in international waters—territory explicitly under the regulatory jurisdiction of the International Seabed Authority (ISA). This is not a hypothetical loophole. It is a deliberate affront to the rule-based international order, signaling that the United States will interpret global commons through its own legal framework and issue licenses in defiance of a globally mandated governance structure. What had previously been maneuvered through proxies and private legal fictions has now been elevated into federal policy.

Weaponizing “Energy Dominance”

The creation of the so-called National Energy Dominance Council—another Executive Order— reveals the deeper strategy at play. This is not simply about minerals. The EO embeds seabed mining into a matrix of national security and industrial policy, elevating DSM to the same strategic plane as oil, rare earths, and semiconductors. By invoking the specter of Chinese influence over mineral supply chains, the U.S. positions the seabed as a theater of competition, using energy dominance as both rationale and pretext. The result is a transformation of deep-sea governance from a question of environmental stewardship into one of geopolitical escalation. Resource extraction becomes a proxy for maintaining unipolar supremacy.

As a rebuke, China’s Foreign Minister Guo Jiakun had this to say:

The international seabed area covered by the U.S. executive order goes beyond the limit of national jurisdiction. According to international law, the international seabed area and its resources are the common heritage of mankind. The exploration and exploitation of minerals in the international seabed area must be carried out in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and under the framework of the International Seabed Authority (ISA). The legal status and the exploitation and exploration regime of the international seabed are universally recognized and followed through in international practice. No country should circumvent the ISA and international law and privately authorize any exploitation and exploration activities in the international seabed area at the expense of the common interests of the international community.”

Streamlining Exploitation, Sidestepping Environmental Governance

Although the order makes passing reference to environmental and transparency standards, its substance lies in the directive to streamline and expedite permitting. There is no serious commitment to precautionary principles, to Indigenous or regional consultation, or to the scientific moratorium widely called for by Pacific Island nations, environmental coalitions, and even UN-affiliated agencies. Instead, the imperative is speed—removing friction for corporate actors, clearing regulatory pathways, and ensuring that environmental governance does not obstruct extraction. In this context, the invocation of “responsibility” becomes a public relations tool, masking the rapid unraveling of ecological due diligence.

Private Sector Mobilization and Legislative Capture

The EO makes it explicit that multiple federal agencies are tasked with identifying and promoting private sector opportunities in seabed mineral exploration, extraction, and processing. It calls on U.S. development and export credit agencies, including the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation and the Export-Import Bank, to explore financial tools that will subsidize and underwrite deep-sea mining operations. In doing so, public institutions are conscripted into a project of legislative capture—one in which government infrastructure is retooled to serve the expansion of extractive industries. The alignment of federal financing with corporate actors like The Metals Company reflects the deep entanglement of Washington’s America First policy with transnational capital (2025).

International Partnerships as a Smokescreen

While the order gestures toward “working with allies” in their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), this is a deliberate deflection. The central thrust of the EO is not toward multilateral collaboration, but toward unilateral action in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The vague mention of a benefit-sharing mechanism is non-binding and noncommittal—language designed to appear cooperative while maintaining full U.S. control over licensing, processing, and strategic value chains. There is no mention of the International Seabed Authority, no reference to FPIC, and no indication that the U.S. will honor its de facto compliance with UNCLOS protocols.

This opens the door to Department of Defense involvement in DSM operations, potentially shielding extractive activities from environmental litigation and international diplomatic pushback. Under this logic, opposition to DSM can be reframed as opposition to national security. Once a domain of environmental science and global cooperation, the deep sea is now treated as a militarized frontier.

Defense and Stockpiling: Militarizing the Seabed

By explicitly invoking the Defense Production Act and linking DSM to the Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpile (2025), the EO militarizes seabed mining. The implication is clear: resources extracted from the deep ocean are now part of national defense planning. This opens the door to Department of Defense involvement in DSM operations, shielding extractive activities from environmental litigation and international diplomatic pushback. Under this logic, opposition to DSM can be reframed as opposition to national security. Once a domain of environmental science and global cooperation, the deep sea is now treated as a militarized frontier.

Evidence of U.S. Intent to Ignore the ISA

The Executive Order is not vague or suggestive—it is direct. It activates DSHMRA as a legal basis for granting permits in international waters. There is no reference to the ISA, no stated intention to operate within existing UNCLOS frameworks, and no indication of coordination with international partners beyond economic alliances. By framing DSM as a national security interest and a sovereign economic right, the EO immunizes corporate actors from global legal oversight. The message is clear: the United States will authorize its own licenses in areas governed by international law, and it will do so with full executive authority.

Global Repercussions: Scenarios and Risks

This move introduces a number of potential global flashpoints. First, the decision sets a precedent for deregulation, encouraging other nations and corporations to abandon ISA protocols and begin unilateral exploration. This could quickly lead to a collapse in the ISA’s authority, creating an unregulated rush to exploit the deep sea. Second, companies like The Metals Company may reflag or reincorporate to exploit favorable U.S. laws, while Canada distances itself from responsibility. Third, nations such as China, the African Group, and Pacific Island countries may respond through the UN General Assembly, issuing condemnations and symbolic resolutions. Although such resolutions lack enforcement power, they reflect growing diplomatic isolation.

Fourth, the environmental consequences would be irreversible. Fifth, legal challenges could be mounted at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or the International Court of Justice. However, these efforts may arrive only after the damage is done, highlighting the inadequacy of international legal instruments to constrain hegemonic states in real time.

Beyond War: Ecocide is Genocide

The United Nations Security Council, theoretically tasked with maintaining international peace and security, has long been paralyzed by the veto power wielded by its permanent members—none more so than the United States. As witnessed in its unwavering protection of Israel amid ongoing genocide, even in the face of International Criminal Court (ICC) rulings and widespread global condemnation, the Security Council has become a stage where international law is subordinated to geopolitical interests. In the case of deep seabed mining, the worst-case scenario is not merely that the Council remains inert—it is that it becomes complicit through silence, allowing the U.S. to cloak ecocide beneath the rhetoric of sovereignty and security. Just as legal mechanisms have failed to halt crimes against humanity when confronted with hegemonic defiance, they are equally ill-equipped to prevent crimes against nature when the perpetrator is a superpower currently immune to sanction. The systematic destruction of the abyssal plains, the destabilization of marine biodiversity, and the transboundary collapse of oceanic ecosystems constitute ecocide—yet without binding enforcement, international law risks becoming a hollow promise. In this vacuum, corporate and state actors can proceed with impunity, knowing that the institutions designed to safeguard humanity and the planet will falter when confronted by power unchecked.

Calling Ecocide by Its Name: Toward Binding International Law and Accountability

In 1973, Richard Falk’s Environmental Warfare and Ecocide offered a prescient framework, declaring ecocide—whether in war or peace—a crime under international law, defined by acts intended to disrupt or destroy human ecosystems through militarized violence and environmental manipulation. From the deployment of weapons of mass destruction and chemical defoliants to weather modification and forced displacements for industrial or military gain, Falk articulated ecocide as an assault not only on nature but on the very conditions of human and ecological coexistence. Nearly half a century later, on February 29, 2020, scholars and practitioners gathered at UCLA’s Promise Institute for Human Rights, recognizing both the enduring relevance and insufficiency of existing legal instruments to confront escalating environmental harm and climate destabilization. Confronted with the limitations of current international criminal law, this assembly sought to revive and advance Falk’s vision—deliberating on how to codify ecocide as a new international crime fit for contemporary crises. Their commitment to refining legal definitions and confronting political and practical challenges reflects a continuity of purpose: to transform ecological devastation from a collateral consequence of power into a punishable violation of global justice.

The recognition of ecocide as a potential fifth international crime under the International Criminal Court (ICC) marks a critical turning point in confronting large-scale environmental destruction. As corporations like The Metals Company (TMC) accelerate deep-sea mining in fragile ocean ecosystems, they do so under mounting legal and moral scrutiny. This is no longer a debate about sustainability pledges or voluntary guidelines—ecological devastation is being redefined as a crime, positioning corporate executives, board members, and critically, their financial backers within reach of prosecution. The era of treating ecosystem collapse as an externality is ending; the extraction of profit at the expense of planetary systems is increasingly viewed as an assault on the very foundations of life.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has also underscored how courts and citizens are mobilizing legal frameworks to hold both states and corporations accountable, but this accountability must extend beyond the visible actors. Behind every destructive enterprise stands a network of asset managers, hedge funds, and institutional investors—entities like BlackRock, Vanguard, and others—whose capital fuels ecocidal ventures with anti-ESG rhetoric. These financial giants are enablers of environmental crimes, profiting from the systematic degradation of global commons. Emerging legal doctrines must pierce the veil of financial abstraction and expose those who bankroll ecological harm to the same consequences faced by corporate polluters, regardless of what US federal agencies are mobilized.

In this urgent context, states must act decisively to operationalize international legal mechanisms that hold both corporations and their financiers accountable. If sanity, precaution, and respect for life fail to restrain industries like deep-sea mining, then the United Nations and its member states must ensure that the codification of ecocide comes with enforceable teeth—punishing not only companies like TMC but also the asset managers and hedge funds complicit in underwriting planetary destruction. Justice demands that those orchestrating and financing ecocide—whether in boardrooms or investment portfolios—face the full weight of international law. Without such resolve, the deep ocean, and countless other ecosystems, will fall victim to the unchecked greed of capital. But with swift action, the global community can transform environmental law from a shield into a sword, defending the Earth by holding power to account where it truly resides.

Open Season on the Global Commons

This Executive Order represents a decisive pivot from international cooperation to unilateral exploitation. It rewrites the rules of seabed governance not through legislation or treaty but through executive fiat, collapsing the distinction between corporate interest and national policy. It formalizes a mode of extraction that is inherently anti-democratic, ecologically devastating, and geopolitically destabilizing. The abyssal plains—long regarded as part of the planetary commons—are being transformed into a zone of conquest.

The international community must not underestimate the significance of this moment. What the U.S. is attempting is not merely regulatory capture—it is the systematic dismantling of multilateral stewardship in favor of a privatized, militarized order of ocean governance. If this is allowed to proceed unchallenged, the result will not be prosperity or security. It will be irreparable loss. This is a planetary assault—and if we are to protect what remains, resistance must be immediate, coordinated, and unyielding.

Consider Decolonizing Accounting Systems

While this article has focused primarily on the emerging legal frameworks to confront ecocide, I continually maintain that law is but one arm of defense against environmental destruction. The second—and perhaps more foundational—is how we measure value within our national accounts. It is within these ledgers, quietly dictating the logic of growth and profit, where the seeds of ecocide are sown. As long as colonial-era national accounting systems valorize extraction, production, and consumption while rendering invisible the depletion of ecosystems, no amount of legal reform will suffice. The law may punish after the fact, but accounting defines what is permissible, what is profitable, and ultimately, what is pursued. Consider decolonizing accounting frameworks and intemerate.earth

Because what can be done, once done, may never be undone.

On April 17, 2025— the White House released two coordinated executive actions (see last week’s post), that together seeks to reshape the political, economic, and ecological future of Pasifika. The first, a presidential proclamation, Unleashing American Commercial Fishing in the Pacific, dismantles key protections within the Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument (PIHMNM) (formerly PRIMNM), reopening these federally protected waters to commercial fishing. The second, an Executive Order titled “Restoring American Seafood Competitiveness,” reframes the national seafood strategy through a deregulatory, protectionist lens—cutting environmental oversight as an excuse to challenge foreign fishing competitors. While each action stands on its own, together they constitute a deliberate repositioning of U.S. ocean governance—away from preservation and toward a militarized industrial economy operating under the banner of national competitiveness.

The PIHMNM, once one of the world’s largest no-take marine sanctuaries, has been reclassified as a strategic economic zone. The proclamation claims that restrictions on commercial fishing within PIHMNM are unnecessary, citing the migratory nature of tuna and the sufficiency of existing environmental regulations—yet this justification collapses under the weight of its own contradiction: if the fish are indeed migratory and already managed under federal law, then the real purpose of reopening these waters lies not in ecological science but in advancing a strategic economic agenda. By invoking biological mobility to justify deregulation while simultaneously launching an Executive Order to reclaim domestic market dominance, the administration exposes its intent—not to protect ecosystems or correct legal redundancies, but to reposition U.S. fleets in a global seafood arms race.

This reclassification does not merely permit activity—it redefines what marine protection means. Under this new model, “conservation” becomes compatible with large-scale extraction so long as the activity is conducted by U.S.-flagged vessels under federally sanctioned management schemes.

ABNJ & BBNJ

From an ecological governance perspective, the rollback of protections within the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, coupled with the Executive Order on Restoring American Seafood Competitiveness (RASC), risks undermining ongoing international negotiations around the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ (Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction), particularly those articulated in the emerging BBNJ (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction) agreement under UNCLOS. While the United States has signed but not ratified UNCLOS, it continues to participate selectively in its frameworks, asserting maritime jurisdiction when advantageous while rejecting binding obligations. By unilaterally dismantling one of the largest no-take marine zones for economic competitiveness, the United States sets a precedent that undermines the credibility of multilateral conservation commitments. It signals that marine protection is conditional, politically malleable, and ultimately subordinate to national commercial interests—posing a direct challenge to the cooperative ethos required for effective high seas governance.

The justification used—that tuna and other pelagic species are migratory and thus not resident within protected waters—runs counter to the ecosystem-based management principles at the heart of BBNJ. It narrows the scope of conservation responsibility to territorial boundaries, disregarding the ecological continuity of species and ocean systems. Moreover, by prioritizing deregulation, fleet access, and trade enforcement, the U.S. action deepens the fragmentation of international ocean law, weakening the moral authority of conservation leaders while emboldening extractive states to reinterpret or erode marine protections. At a moment when the international community is seeking to ratify and implement BBNJ’s ambitious framework for marine protected areas, benefit-sharing, and ecological connectivity, the United States’ turn toward seafood nationalism pulls on the very thread that could unravel the fragile diplomatic consensus needed to steward the ocean as a global commons.

The Executive Order that follows completes the shift in tone. It abandons any pretense of ecological precaution, declaring that U.S. fishing capacity is being “crushed” by overregulation and foreign competition. It calls for the immediate suspension or revision of regulations that burden domestic fishing, directs federal agencies to identify overregulated fisheries, and lays out a seafood industrial strategy aimed at global dominance. In place of multilateral coordination or bioregional sustainability, we find a return to techno-nationalism, where market share, fleet expansion, and deregulation are the new pillars of marine governance.

From the perspective of industry, this is a consolidation of federal support for a handful of vertically integrated seafood corporations that already dominate U.S. commercial fishing. Companies like Trident Seafoods and Tri Marine (which operates global tuna fleets) stand to benefit disproportionately—not because of their ecological stewardship, but because they possess the logistical infrastructure, political clout, and access to capital needed to mobilize quickly. While the rhetoric of “seafood competitiveness” champions the small-scale, independent fisher crushed by distant bureaucracies, this executive order favors corporate consolidation under America First.

PNA

Meanwhile, in Pasifika, advancing RASC potentially undermines the region’s most effective fisheries governance body: the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA). The PNA’s Vessel Day Scheme (VDS) is one of the only transnational models that successfully marries ecological restraint with sovereign economic benefit.

Built from the legacy of postcolonial overfishing, the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA) developed the Vessel Day Scheme (VDS) as a mechanism to reclaim sovereign control over tuna resources in the Western and Central Pacific. Rather than selling access based on catch volume or open-ended quotas, the VDS allocates a fixed number of fishing days to each member country annually. These days can be used domestically or sold to foreign fleets—most often from distant water fishing nations such as the United States, Japan, South Korea, or China—through bilateral negotiations or regional agreements. The fees for these fishing days are not calculated based on the economic size of the purchasing nation but are instead determined by a minimum benchmark price and market-based dynamics, with some day rates reaching over $10,000. This model shifts power back to Pacific Island states by encouraging sustainable practices and maximizing economic return. It transforms the tuna fishery from a site of external exploitation into a foundation for local revenue generation and ecological oversight.

The United States pays for approximately a quarter of PNA revenue and the capturing of transboundary tuna outside the PNA is likely to diminish revenue to the Pacific Island Countries who have relied upon the cooperation of the large fishing countries. At this moment, Pasifika does not have a lot of options.

Former PNA CEO Transform Aqorau noted, “Climate and other environmental factors, an over-abundance of tuna stock depressing prices, or market forces out of the PNA’s control can all impact fishing in the western and central Pacific. Fishing tuna heavily every year will have an impact on the fishery…we need to guard against this.”

The PNA VDS does not merely regulate fishing—it asserts a different logic of value, rooted in place-based custodianship and inter-island solidarity. The United States, in reasserting commercial fishing in waters adjacent to PNA territories, bypasses this logic. It sets a precedent: that American jurisdiction trumps regional cooperation, and that the path to sustainability can be rewritten unilaterally, without consultation.

Freedom of Navigation

Overlaying all of this is the persistent shroud of militarization. The PIHMNM proclamation references the coordination with the Department of Defense, emphasizes “freedom of navigation,” and affirms the strategic mobility of the United States. While ostensibly about fishing, the language echoes U.S. naval posture in contested maritime regions—particularly the South China Sea (worth reading)—where commercial activity, environmental protection, and military mobility are often entangled. The fishing fleet thus becomes a proxy—an instrument of territorial presence and economic claim-making, operating in tandem with military imperatives. In this sense, the rollback of marine protections is not only about opening waters to industry, but about reaffirming jurisdiction, projecting power, and managing ocean space as a geostrategic asset.

WTO

The conflict between the United States and Pacific Island nations at the World Trade Organization (WTO) over fishing centers on North-South visions of fairness, sovereignty, and sustainability in global fisheries governance. It reflects deeper tensions between powerful distant water fishing nations and small island developing states (SIDS) who rely heavily on their marine resources for both livelihood and state revenue.

At the core of the dispute is the WTO’s ongoing effort to finalize rules that would curb harmful fisheries subsidies—particularly those that contribute to overfishing, overcapacity, and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Pacific Island countries, especially members of the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA), have pushed for these rules to differentiate between industrialized nations with heavily subsidized distant water fleets and small island states with limited fishing capacity but sovereign rights over vast exclusive economic zones (EEZs). The U.S., while nominally supporting subsidy reform, has frequently advocated for broad rules that could also restrict the use of fishing subsidies by developing countries, including SIDS—undermining the special and differential treatment provisions that Pacific nations argue are essential to their economic development and marine stewardship.

The U.S. has further clashed with Pacific nations over access fees and management models like the Vessel Day Scheme (VDS), which monetize fishing days within EEZs. Washington has criticized the rising costs of access under PNA frameworks and, in some negotiations, has implied that such schemes function as de facto trade barriers. From the Pasifika perspective, however, these schemes are not subsidies but expressions of sovereign control over resources historically exploited by wealthier countries. Thus, Pacific Island Countries sees the U.S. position at the WTO as part of a broader effort by industrialized fishing powers to erode their autonomy, secure cheaper access to tuna stocks, and undermine regionally-developed systems of ecological and economic governance.

In essence, the conflict at the WTO reflects a deeper struggle over who gets to define sustainability, who pays for conservation, and whether ocean governance will be shaped by extractive globalization or by the rights of coastal and island peoples to manage their own waters.

Quota system vs Vessel Day Scheme

The other point I want to make about the brilliance of the VDS system employed by Pacific Island nations is that it offers a transparent and equitable model for monetizing access to tuna fisheries. This system not only reinforces local sovereignty but also guarantees that revenues flow directly to the states and communities that steward the resource. In contrast, the quota-based system often promoted by the United States and aligned with global commodity market practices introduces complex mechanisms of allocation, trading, and speculation. Quotas can be bought, sold, or leased—frequently consolidated by industrial players or financial intermediaries through Wall Street firms—driving up prices and creating barriers for small-scale and family fishers. Instead of direct and predictable compensation for access, quota markets tend to abstract value, turning fishing rights into speculative assets that privilege capital over community, and undermining the participatory foundation of sustainable fisheries governance.

And so….

Together, the proclamation and executive order is once again rendering the ocean as another domain of industrial potential and strategic calculation. The sea becomes frontier again—not in the mythic sense of unexplored abundance, but in the regulatory sense of contested jurisdiction, privatized access and exploitation.

In this moment, Pasifika is not just a battleground of fleets—it is a battleground of philosophies. Will governance be grounded in extractive sovereignty or in the co-development of ecological limits? Will access be determined by flags or by customary stewardship? The answers are not only legal—they are cultural, economic, and planetary. And they demand more than the unipolar objectives of proclamations or executive orders. They require a reckoning with the systems of power that have turned the world into theaters of profit and dominance, rather than realms of life and interdependence.

In contrast to the zero-sum logic of extractive sovereignty—what might be called the “last man standing” or “King of the Mountain” game played by the Western hegemon—the rise of BRICS, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and other frameworks of new multilateralism offer an opening to reimagine economic cooperation through a decolonial accounting lens. Within these shifting alliances, there is potential to construct a different formula—one that moves beyond GDP as a measure of extraction and towards accounting systems rooted in ecological reciprocity, reparative justice, and translocal stewardship. Just as the game of Mancala distributes value through cycles, foresight, and mutual strategy rather than domination, a decolonial accounting approach could redistribute both access and valuation by centering the rights of small island and coastal nations to define their own metrics of wellbeing. Rather than assigning price to fish alone, this model could weigh the cumulative labor of custodianship, the biodiversity of oceanic corridors, and the intergenerational knowledge embedded in customary marine tenure. Such a shift would not simply adjust policy—it would reconfigure the ontological terms of global trade, replacing conquest with coordination and turning extraction into interdependence.

It may not be tomorrow but the near future that holds the possibility of a new kind of cooperation. In that future we might finally abandon the myth that endless accumulation confers strength. And perhaps it will not come through the empires that claim to lead, but through the convergence of nations once marginalized—BRICS and its growing orbit—emerging not as rival hegemon, but as the slow, deep current of another logic entirely. Like the whale in Moby Dick, it may be this collective weight—massive, calm, indifferent to Ahab’s frenzy—that ultimately sinks Pequod. Not in vengeance, but in gravity. Not as predator, but as presence. We are the Whale.